Key questions are: can these products correctly mimic the soft tissue or bones they are replacing? Which measurable physico‐chemical parameters can be used to predict the long‐term performance of fillers? How do stress, deformation, temperature and enzymatic degradation affect their properties over time?

In 2021, the Botulinum Toxin and Cosmetic Fillers (Children) Act was introduced. The act made it a criminal offence to administer injectable toxins or a filler by way of injection for a cosmetic purpose to a person under the age of 18 in England, even if they have the permission of someone over 18.

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The annex comprises of a glossary of examples of the types of procedures referred to in the consultation, separated by category.

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Her version involves starting with the gentle, non-ablative MOXI laser to dust off superficial pigmentation, smooth an uneven skin texture and refine pores. “This is followed by the HALO laser, which targets different layers of the skin to address deeper pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles,” says Dr Zamani.

Polynucleotides are part of a new gang of “biostimulators” – a.k.a in-clinic treatments that stimulate our own cells to produce more elastin and collagen (the springs and stuffing of our skin).

In Europe manufacturers are expected to complete a certificate of conformity, in line with the Medicine Device Regulations general safety and performance requirements.

Cryocautery uses compressed gas at low temperatures to ‘freeze’ and remove or reduce a diverse range of blemishes and skin imperfections such as skin tags, age spots and warts.

"MOXI and HALO work synergistically, while also stimulating collagen and elastin production, and can be used on all skin tones.”

Clinicians must take into account a gel's propensity to swell and warn patients that swelling will subside or inject a smaller amount of filler, because swelling will contribute to the volume injected.

Overall, the methods described in this review and commonly reported on fillers do not predict the long‐term performance of the gels. However, a large set of physico‐chemical parameters can act as an indicator of performance, which, alongside clinical experience, is extremely helpful in guiding clinicians in choosing the optimal product for a specific application.

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Upon dissolution in water, HA forms highly viscous solutions. These solutions are not suitable for use in dermal fillers as they will not stay in place at the injection sitio and also be rapidly degraded by the enzyme hyaluronidase,